Media & Culture - Sign Symbol Essays - Philosophy Of Language

Media & Culture - Sign Symbol A sign system is representation through communication which in turn leads to a shared meaning or understanding. We hold mental representations that classify and organise the world (whether fact or fiction), people, objects and events into meaningful categories so that we can meaningfully comprehend the world. The media use sign systems through newspapers, magazines, television,internet, and the radio etc. The conceptual map of meaning and language are the basis of representation. The conceptual map of meaning, are concepts organised, arranged and classified into complex relations to one another. The conceptual map of meaning although allows you to distinguish your own individual interpretation of the world, at the same time as holding similar views to that of other people in your culture. As the meaning is produced and constructed and in turn learned by a particular group of people. Therefore sharing conventions and codes of their language and culture. Signs can only convey meaning if we possess codes which allow us to translate our concepts into language. These codes are the result of social conventions which lead to the shared maps of meaning. These shared meanings are learnt unconsciously as we become members of a culture.If we have a concept of something in our minds we can say we know the meaning of this concept. However we cannot express or communicate this meaning without the second system of representation, language. Language is the only way in which meanings can be effectively exchanged between people, as people within the same culture are able to interpret the sign of language in the same manner. As the meanings become natural through the conditioning of culture. For example the word white in Australia represents a colour of purity, however in China it is the colour of death. Demonstrating that different cultures have not only have different meanings in their shared conceptual maps, but a different language to express it. As meanings change rapidly throughout cultures to really understand another culture you must live there and speak the language for some time. Cultural, social, political, and linguistic conventions are learned over time. The three theories of representation, reflective, intentional and constructionist approaches explain how representations through language work. The reflective approach is where language functions as a ?mirror? of the particular elements perceived meaning. The intentional approach, is where the authors individual views of the world are expressed. Whereas the constructionist approach is where we the audience construct the meaning through our shared conceptual maps and language. The media use these sign symbols so that an association can be made to the object, person, event, or idea etc. With this information of representation and language the media can familiarise people with many things, such as cultural knowledge. As advertising surrounds consumers, concern is often expressed over the impact on society, particularly on values and lifestyle. While a number of factors influence the cultural values, lifestyles, and behaviour of a society, the overwhelming amount of advertising and its prevalence in the mass media suggests that advertising plays a major role in influencing and transmitting social values. In his book Advertising and Social Change, Ronald Berman says; The Institution of the family, religion and education have grown noticeably weaker over each of the past three generations. The world itself seems to have grown more complex. In the absence of traditional authority, advertising has become a kind of social guide. It depicts us in all the myriad situations possible to a life of free choice. It provides ideas about style, morality, and behaviour. While there is general agreement that advertising is an important social influence agent, opinions as to the value of its contribution are often negative. Advertising is criticised for encouraging materialism, manipulating consumers to buy things they do not really need, perpetuating stereotyping, and controlling the media. The media must consider the cultural variables of each country, such as the complexity of learned meanings, norms, language, customs, tastes, attitudes, religion, traditions, education, lifestyle, values, and the ethical/moral standards shared by members of each society. These variables must be learnt by the media as not to offend the group they are portraying. Cultural norms and values offer direction and guidance to members of a society in all aspects of

How to Derive the Formula for Combinations

How to Derive the Formula for Combinations After seeing formulas printed in a textbook or written on the board by a teacher, it is sometimes surprising to find out that many of these formulas can be derived from some fundamental definitions and careful thought. This is particularly true in probability when examining the formula for combinations. The derivation of this formula really just relies upon the multiplication principle. The Multiplication Principle Suppose there is a task to do and this task is broken into a total of two steps. The first step can be done in k ways and the second step can be done in n ways. This means that after multiplying these numbers together, the number of ways to perform the task is nk. For example, if you have ten kinds of ice cream to choose from and three different toppings, how many one scoop, one topping sundaes can you make? Multiply three by 10 to get 30 sundaes. Forming Permutations Now, use the multiplication principle to derive the formula for the number of combination of r elements taken from a set of n elements. Let P(n,r) denote the number of permutations of r elements from a set of n and C(n,r) denote the number of combinations of r elements from a set of n elements. Think about what happens when forming a permutation of r elements from a total of n. Look at this as a two-step process. First, choose a set of r elements from a set of n. This is a combination and there are C(n, r) ways to do this. The second step in the process is to order r elements with r choices for the first, r - 1 choices for the second, r - 2 for the third, 2 choices for the penultimate and 1 for the last. By the multiplication principle, there are r x (r -1 ) x . . . x 2 x 1 r! ways to do this. This formula is written with factorial notation. The Derivation of the Formula To recap, P(n,r ), the number of ways to form a permutation of r elements from a total of n is determined by: Forming a combination of r elements out of a total of n in any one of C(n,r ) waysOrdering these r elements any one of r! ways. By the multiplication principle, the number of ways to form a permutation is P(n,r ) C(n,r ) x r!. Using the formula for permutations P(n,r ) n!/(n - r)!, that can be substituted into the above formula: n!/(n - r)! C(n,r ) r!. Now solve this, the number of combinations, C(n,r ), and see that C(n,r ) n!/[r!(n - r)!]. As demonstrated, a little bit of thought and algebra can go a long way. Other formulas in probability and statistics can also be derived with some careful applications of definitions.

Thematic Unit Definition and Tips for Teachers

Thematic Unit Definition and Tips for Teachers A Thematic unit is the organization of a curriculum around a central theme. In other words, its a series of lessons that integrate subjects across the curriculum, such as math, reading, social studies, science, language arts, etc. that all tie into the main theme of the unit. Each activity should have a main focus toward the thematic idea. A thematic unit is much broader than just choosing a topic. They cover a wide range such as Australia, mammals, or the solar system. Many teachers choose a different thematic unit for their classroom each week, while others plan their teaching themes for two to nine weeks. Why Use Thematic Units It increases students interestHelps students understand connectionsExpands assessment strategiesKeeps students engagedcompacts the curriculumSaves teachers time because it incorporates all subjectsDraws on connections from the real world and life experiences Key Components of a Thematic Unit There are eight key components of a thematic unit lesson plan. Follow these guidelines when you are creating your classroom unit. Theme - Select the theme of the unit based on Common Core standards, student interests or student experience.Grade Level - Select the appropriate grade level.Objectives - Identify the specific objectives that you would like to master during the course of the unit.Materials - Determine the materials you will use throughout the unit.Activities - Develop the activities that you will use for your thematic unit. Make sure you cover activities across the curriculum.Discussion Questions - Create a variety of discussion questions to help students think about the theme of the unit.Literature Selections - Select a variety of books that correlate with the activities and the central theme of the unit.Assessment - Evaluate student progress throughout the unit. Measure student growth through rubrics or other means of assessment. Tips for Creating Thematic Units Here are three tips to help you create a thematic unit in your classroom. Find an engaging theme - Themes can be planned around books, benchmarks, skills students need to develop, or just from student interest. Find a theme that will motivate and captivate students interest. Units are typically longer than a week, so its important to find a theme that will keep the students engaged.Create fun activities - The activities you choose are the heart of the unit. These activities need to cross the curriculum and keep students interest. Learning centers are a great way for students to get hands-on experience while learning important skills.Evaluate Students Learning - While finding a central theme, and creating engaging cross-curriculum activities are important, so is evaluating what the students have learned. Portfolio-based assessment is a great way to see students progress throughout a period of time. For example, a habitat portfolio can be created to document the progress the students made throughout the unit of habitats.

Industries Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Industries - Assignment Example There are several of substitutes to air travel, particularly over short distances. These include taking other forms of transport. Similarly, there is strong rivalry among different airlines within the industry. For instance, in the pre-deregulation era when prices charged was mandated by worldwide aviation board, airlines competed majorly on aspects such as service, in-flight movies, and meals, etc. However in the post-de-regulation era, this competition has taken on the form the form of pricing where individual airline company are counter checking daily prices they offer ( Schmid, 2011). These facts have attributed to more customer power in the industry. Most notably, the airline industry requires huge capital investment. Basing on these facts, entry and existing become very costly. When you enter, there are a lot of regulations, and the initial capital is also very high. On the other hand, when airlines have to exit the sector, they require writing down and absorb several losses. A ll these features make the airline industry cede authority to the consumers and thus, the power of buyers is moderate to high. Despite all, there is power of the supplier as there are only two major manufacturers of large commercial aircraft. In the case of a major accident, the structures of within the industry always tend to change. The airline industry is likely to undergo a technological revolution that will make air travel even safer. Normally, key aspects of the change may witness heavy investments from various industry players (Cento, 2009). Leadership within the industry also changes to help reform the industry. The assumption always is that leadership had failed prior to the accident and as such, change in leadership may help bring normalcy. Coupled with technological advancements, undoubtedly this makes air travel a pleasurable experience and a risk-free— both for the crew and

How the pen is Important Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How the pen is Important - Research Paper Example It acts as a filter, blocking the processing of extraneous information. Writing letters with a pen or pencil on paper, we concentrate better and make the brain to pay attention to what we write. Virginia Berninger, a psychologist from the University of Washington, explains the differences between the handwriting and the keyboard, so that with handwriting a person commits more movements, because each letter has its own set of elements, and work on the computer is monotone, you need only to press a key (Berninger 72). Many famous writers preferred to write novels and plays by hand, even when their colleagues have chosen the keyboard. In 2009 psychologists of the University of Washington have found that students who wrote essays by hand, got the text which was richer and more diversified, they used more sophisticated phrases and coped with the tasks faster than their peers, who were typing on a computer (â€Å"Learning Disabilities Research & Practice†). Working at a computer overloads our sensory system. Staring of the screen, cursor movement, the temptation availability of any information in a single click – here are the factors which dull our creativity. On the contrary, when you have just a piece of paper and a pen in front of you, the brain does not receive any additional stimulation and focuses its resources on a specific task. Many professors believe that computers serve as distractions, detracting from class discussion and student learning (Yamamoto 56). Habit to record the experiences and thoughts on paper can reduce their severity. (Pennebaker 43) Natalie Rogers, an author of expressive psychotherapy techniques, considered diaries as an important way of self-expression and the awakening of creative energy. The more often we write by hand – the more frequently we express our individuality, is Rogers`s opinion. It is expressed in the shape and size of letters, handwriting fluency, and location of the text on the page. In the process of writing we

Legal vs Illegal Drugs Essay Example for Free

Legal vs Illegal Drugs Essay Drugs are a common part of everyday life. In fact, it is highly likely that there are drugs of some sort in your cupboard. They are classified into two categories: legal and illegal. Legal drugs include alcohol, tobacco, and pharmaceutical drugs, while illegal drugs include marijuana, amphetamines and heroin. The media often portrays a biased, negative view on illegal drugs, however legal drugs often have the same effects as illegal drugs, if not worse. Illegal drugs can cause severe damage to the body, especially those of a teenager, whose bodies are still growing. The brain, heart, and other important organs are all affected by drugs. . For example, cocaine can cause heart attacks and in severe cases, deaths may occur. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime as well as other published literature, researchers estimate that between 149 and 271 million people worldwide use illegal drugs, and data from the World Health Organisation (WHO) suggests that a quarter of a million people die from this drug use in 2004. This amount is relatively small compared with the 2. 25 million deaths caused by alcohol, and the 5. 1 million deaths caused by tobacco, which are both legal drugs. However, it cannot be denied that illegal drugs can lead to harsh physical health problems, and are a serious problem. Although illegal drugs may provide a short-lived burst of pleasure, longer-lasting harmful effects are often experienced afterwards, leading to long-term mental health problems. They affect the mood, behaviour and perspective of an individual, and often cause serious misjudgements. In severe cases, this may lead to death. LSD is one hallucinogenic drug that can cause serious mental health problems. After taking LSD, flashbacks may occur, days or even moths afterwards. The sudden appearance of these flashbacks result in disorientation, anxiety and distress. In fact, the experience of hallucinating may cause paranoia, phobia and ideation, which all may last for long periods of time, if not permanently. Often, a growing tolerance to illegal drugs may occur, leading to users being forced to take higher dosages in order to achieve the same result. This is extremely dangerous. Long lasting psychoses such as schizophrenia or severe depression may manifest as a result of a discontinuation of a drug, as well as prolonged anxiety and depression. The mental state of an individual will almost indefinitely deteriorate trough the use of illegal drugs. The use of illegal drugs can have devastating effects on your life. Due to the difficulty in obtaining these drugs, the street prices are much higher. Cannabis, for instance, costs $30/gram. Therefore, to support an illegal drug habit, you may have to be involved in criminal activity, such as theft. This will indefinitely have legal consequences. Just this month, in Malaysia, police have uncovered a new trend where youngsters are stealing motorcycles in order to trade them for drugs. Twenty -three motorcycle thieves were arrested, aged between 17 and 38. In addition to the illegal behaviour itself, the use of illegal drugs may make you less likely to keep appointments or engage with health services, making it much harder to seek help. Illegal drugs can cause vast disruption and destruction to your life, and is extremely hard to seek support for. On the other hand, in Australia, there are far more health problems and drug-related deaths from legal drugs. Legal drugs are approved after testing on limited populations. Everybody reacts differently, and there is a chance that you may be the person with the genetic predisposition that reacts differently than any other person who had previously been tested. These side effects can damage serious organs, and possibly be fatal. In June 2012, one such instance occurred. Nineteen-year-old Alex Heriot died after taking Benzo Fury at a Scottish music festival, which is a legal substance with a similar effect to ecstasy. Benzo Fury is one of the cheap new legal highs developed to bypass the banning of similar, illegal drugs. In the US, at least 106,000 people die each year even from properly prescribed drugs, with more than two million suffering serious side effects, which is an extremely high amount compared to the 10,000-20,000 deaths per year in America due to illegal drugs. Although pharmaceuticals may be prescribed by a doctor, there may still be serious side effects, and pose a high risk to your health. The false sense of security provided by pharmaceutical companies feeds into dependency and outright addiction more than illegal drugs. Although they were created to help individuals cope with the effects of illness and injury, many prescriptions drugs have become the â€Å"substance of choice† for the addicts who use them illicitly. The most commonly abused prescription drugs fall into three categories: Opiods, which produce a euphoric effect due to their pain killing abilities for short-term or chronic pain, Central Nervous system depressants, which have a calming, relaxing effect on the brain, and Stimulants, which increase brain energy for alertness and energy, and they are often abused for these effects. Xanax, for example, is a highly addictive benzodiazepine. Usually used to treat panic disorder and serious anxiety, many people have become addicted to it due to its fast acting sedation and relaxation effects. In Victoria alone, Benzodiazepines were responsible for 3, 135 deaths in 2010 and 2011, and in terms of drug related deaths, they were the second highest to alcohol. A 2012 Victorian report found that 65% of all forged Benzodiazepine prescriptions were for Xanax. Pharmacists have also reported that it is not uncommon for them to see prescriptions for 100 or 200 tablets, which is extremely worrying for a product that has no proven benefit beyond short-term use. Legal drugs are highly addictive and commonly abused. Alcohol and tobacco are one of the leading contributors to drug –related deaths. There are many effects of alcohol, including cancer, heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease, obesity, physiological disturbances, and many more. Similarly, tobacco and smoking also lead to many adverse physical health effects, such as various forms of cancer (predominately lung cancer), infertility, and cardiovascular disease. According to the Government of South Australia, alcohol is a leading contributor to 30% of road accidents, 12% of suicides, 44% of fire injuries, and 34% of falls and drownings. There are roughly 3000 deaths and 65,000 hospitalisations from alcohol, each year, costing a community a sum of around $15 billion, according to the Australian Government, whilst an illegal substance such as cocaine is the cause of only 15-25 Australian deaths every year according to the ABS. In Australia, smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease, and around every 28 minutes, an Australian dies from tobacco-related diseases. In fact, more deaths are caused each year by tobacco use than by all deaths from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), illegal drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries, suicides, and murders combined. From a survey conducted in 2002, by the age of 14, around 90% of children have tried alcohol some time in their lives. These two drugs are one of the most dangerous drugs, and the increasing number of people abusing them is highly worrying. In conclusion, both legal and illegal drugs pose a great danger. Illegal drugs are prohibited due to their strength and addictive qualities, however many legal drugs replace the illegal ones, and cause thousands of deaths and millions of diseases every year. I believe that legal drugs are worse than illegal drugs, as they are both cheap and easy to abuse due to their availability. However, with the right prescriptions and control, I believe that legal drugs could become less of a problem.

Ancient Rome Essay -- essays research papers

In this report about ancient Rome I will be talking about a lot of different things. One thing is how ancient Rome was different from ancient Greece, their daily life activities and lifestyles, and also about their religion. The ancients Romans were very different from the ancient Greek. â€Å"The ancient Romans were down-to-earth realists, not idealists.†(Donn2) You can see this in their statues. The Greeks made statues of perfect people. The Romans created real life statues. A good example of this is a Roman emperor statue because his nose will be huge and the ancient Greek would have never done that. The Romans were fierce soldiers and wonderful builders. They built roads all over the empire and all led to Rome. The ancient Greeks had roads, but they were not built nearly as well and the Greek’s roads did not connect in any particular order. Each Greek city-state was its own unit, not like Rome because in ancient Rome, Rome was the heart of the empire. Two thousand years ago, Rome was a busy place. â€Å"It was a crowded, noisy, smoky, and dusty city, with beautiful temples and public building.†(Donn2) The rich had gracious homes, each with an entrance atrium, which was the center of the family life. For those who were not quite as rich, there were apartment buildings and for the poor there were shabby tenements. Some people walked around Rome, others were carried in covered litters, with curtained couches carried on poles by slaves. Soldiers strode through town in chain mail or leather armor. Workmen hurried in belted tunics of dark wool. Before daylight, boys hurried to school. Later in the day, Roman citizens strolled around town in white tunics. Even for the poor, life in the city was lively. There was always something going on, like the Great State festival including shows in the theatres, races, and fights in the arenas. Lower class Romans or plebeians lived in apartment houses or flats as they were called, above or behind their shops. (Davis132) Their own apartment might be quite roomy, sanitary and pleasant, occasionally with running water. In these apartment houses, an entire family might all be crowded into one room, without running water. They had to get their water from public facilities. A very real threat was fire because people were cooking meals in crowded places, and many of the apartment houses were made of wood. Upper class Romans or patri... ...ather instructed his sons in Roman law, history, customs, and physical training, to prepare him for war. â€Å"The most important lessons to be taught was reverence for gods, respect for law, obedience to authority, and truthfulness.†(Lee5) Their mother taught the girls. Girls learned to spin, weave, and sew. Early Romans worshipped nature spirits. â€Å"They came to think of these spirits as god and goddesses, while under Etruscan influence.† (McGraw-Hill 157) This god and goddesses were supposed to guide and control the Roman people. Jupiter, Mars, Apollo, Mercury and Neptune were the chief gods. Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana and Venus were the principal goddesses. The ancient Romans had gods for nearly everything. Every home had a household god, and honoring their gods was a part of ancient Romans everyday life. â€Å"A new religion grew steadily in strength by striking a fresh note, with its teaching of mercy, gentleness, loving-kindness and charity towards others, even towards enemies. Festival and rites with which the motley collection of roman gods and goddesses were worshipped and for all of whom its substituted a faith in one god, the Saviour of mankind.†(Cowell193)

Pepsi Marketing Essay

Supermodel, entrepreneur, actress, Cindy Crawford has been promoting the OMEGA brand since 1995. Her striking beauty and international appeal are the perfect complement to OMEGA’s image. Cindy even helped to design a collection dedicated to her: the Constellation My Choice. PEPSI: Today’s PepsiCo, Inc. was found in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi Co and Frito-Lay, the world’s largest manufacturer and distributor of snack chips. In 1998, it acquired Tropicana, the world’s largest marketer and producer of branded juices. In addition to the main body of 3 companies, the Pepsi-Cola Incorporation also owns four well-known fast food restaurants in the world; they are Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, KFC, and Burger King. Furthermore, with its 4 fast food restaurants, PepsiCo Inc. owns 24,000 restaurants, more than McDonald’s 14,000. Based on PepsiCo Incs annual report in year 2000, PepsiCo Inc. has total net sales of 20.438 billion US dollars and they are worth 44 billion dollars in stock value right now. There are several reasons why the world’s second largest soft-drink company, the PepsiCo Inc., is very successful in the world and almost exceed the current market leader in soft drink industry, Coca-Cola. These reasons are taste, investment, management policy, and marketing strategy. In this report, we will put our main focus on marketing strategies and more details analysis, such as 4Ps (product, price, place, promotion), SWOT analysis (strength, weakness, opportunity, threaten), Marketing Environment (economic, technological, cultural, social, and competitor), advertising, and target market, etc. First element of 4Ps is product. With more and more customersãÆ' » unique needs, besides its regular Pepsi, it adds regular caffeine-free Pepsi, Diet Pepsi, Diet Caffeine-free Pepsi, Wild Cherry Pepsi, and Diet Wild Cherry Pepsi into its product lines. Its Diet Pepsi is even the first of its kind in Cola market. For the price, based on the laws of demand and supply, price plays a very important role in customersãÆ' » initial purchase. In addition, psychologically speaking, customersãÆ' » have such mentality to judge a productãÆ' »s quality by its price. Therefore, Pepsi has to determine its price very carefully. If the products are wrongly priced, either damage to its reputation on quality or lost of sale due to high price will be resulted. However, Pepsi seems to do fine at the moment. Based on their corporate pricing policy, providing quality products at lowest possible price has always been one of their main concerns. For example, in some parts of the country, a 2-liter bottle of Pepsi costs 99 cents a decade ago and still does today. As for the place, it has to get the right target market and has to be available when customers need. Pepsi has done a great work on the place, because their channels of distribution certainly provide their products at any market in the American very successfully. Last and the most important element of 4 Ps is promotion. It is so important because how they promote their products will affect how successful their message will be delivered to their target audiences. In 1963, they created a new product policy that is called ï ¼Å¡The Pepsi of new generationï ¼â€º. They focus on customerãÆ' »s needs and wants. Also, they try to make people memorize their product. Lots of soft drink customers do not have so-called royalty toward certain brand. Such issue was well noted by PepsiCo Inc. and decides to change customersãÆ' » buying habit. During that time, ï ¼Å¡The Pepsi of new generationï ¼â€º is a very successful campaign until 1988. After that, they have changed the marketing scheme to ï ¼Å¡The Choice of a New Generationï ¼â€º and still using the same process today. Right now, Pepsi has a special campaign called ï ¼Å¡The Pepsi Challengeï ¼â€º that gets a lot of attention from people and offers a good opportunity for Pepsi to earn more profit. In 1974, this promotion also works very well in Kansas. Advertisement is another promotion; they usually focus on the teenager. From Electric Youth to Generation next, Pepsi has had its finger on the youth pulse of every decade. In their advertisings and target markets, they always use idols to catch teenagersãÆ' » attention. For example, in 1984 to 1999, they use Michael Jackson and Ray Charles etc. to be PepsiãÆ' »s spokespersons. In 2001, they have signed a 100-million-dollars contract with Britney Spears to be PepsiãÆ' »s next spokesperson. The SWOT analysis is another important concept in the marketing. The strength of the Pepsi is his strong, well-recognized brands. Pepsi-Cola owns many of the worldãÆ' »s best-loved consumers brands, especially in North America. According to annual report, the percentage of the total sales volume is 45% in North AmericaãÆ' »s market. For many years, Coca-Cola still has a great position in the American. As a result, if Pepsi-Cola wants to replace the number one position that is a very hard task, and also a big weakness for Pepsi-Cola. Even though PepsiCo has better total sales than Coca Cola (20.4 billion vs. 16.2 billion), however, the market value of the whole company is just about half of Coca Cola (44 billion vs. 93 billion). The main reason is that PepsiCo has its foot into fast food market. Furthermore, the profit margin they make is not even one third of current market leader in fast food industry-McDonald (4% vs. 15%). Pepsi-Cola has launched a campaign called ï ¼Å¡The Pepsi Challengeï ¼â€º that gives Pepsi-Cola a good opportunity, because they might get more customers to accept the products and gain the sales revenue for Pepsi-Cola. Because there are a lot of competitors in the soft-drink industry, these competitors often introduce new tastes from time to time and customers have the tendency of trying new tastes while PepsiCo Inc has limited product lines in soft drink despite the fact that they have already have juices, root bear, ice teas, etc. Needless to say, this is a very big threaten to the Pepsi-Cola. The economic environment can affect Pepsi-Cola very significantly. If we have bad economic situation, people will watch their own packet more carefully and, in turn, the sales revenue is the first thing to suffer. Although such impact might not be very severe to PepsiCo because Cola can be seen as a daily necessity in American, yet, they still have to keep close watch. The 270 million people in America consume about 28 million cases of Pepsi Cola annually. In American culture, and its social environment, Pepsi-Cola doesnãÆ' »t need to have a significant change since Pepsi-Cola is a very traditional favor. As a result, Pepsi-Cola Company should focus on two main things- get peopleãÆ' »s attention and create the ï ¼Å¡Needï ¼â€º. Our technology environment is growing very fast and so does Pepsi-Cola in its technology to operate their products. Pepsi Company always builds their products at highest quality and catches up with the new technology. Pepsi can always be peopleãÆ' »s favorite; because Pepsi Company always adapts whatever new technology is available in the market today. In competitor environment, we know that Pepsi-Cola Company face three main competitors: Coca-Cola, Quaker Oats, and Cadbury Schweppes. As stated by the President of Pepsi ï ¼Å¡in the Cola War, there is never a winner. It is not important whether you win or lose; the more important is that to have fun in the Cola Warï ¼â€º. Although my information might not be sufficient, there are still many different types of information customers could research by themselves. Consumers can also compare information about different or competing  companies more easily because information is literally at their fingertips. Consumers don’t have to deal directly with or influenced by sales people to make their decision of purchases. Companies can also stay in touch with their customers and suppliers by creating web pages and setting up Internet addresses to receive e-mail from customers worldwide. Basic Marketing: A Global-Managerial Approach, 13th edition Irwin McGraw-Hill, 1999 Gornstein, Leslie. â€Å"On-line Marketers Targeting Kids.† San Diego Union-Tribune, July 2, 1996, Page 4. Pepsi Co. Incorporation Annual Report 1997-1999 Pakistan has a multimillion dollar official contract with Pepsico which entitles the company to put a ‘Pepsi’ logo on all players kits. Each player gets around Rs 1.8 million every year from this deal. In addition, Pepsi is almost always the title sponsor of series held in Pakistan. But it seems that there is nothing in the Pepsi contract that forbids players from promoting another soft drink off the field. All rights are for on-field promotion, which the players have not violated. PEPSI PROMOTES CRICKET†¦.. http://www.pepsi.com/current/index.html http://www.pepsiamericas.com/ http://www.thestreet.com/funds/investing/1396149.html http://www.hoovers.com/co/capsule/9/0,2163,55869,00.html http://garden.2118.com.cn/cnfoods/big5/sale/PACKAGING –Back to Top– Providing our consumers with easy-to-use, convenient and innovative containers is one of our top priorities. Package introductions we’ve made over the years include the industry’s first two-liter bottle; the first company to respond to consumer preference with lightweight, recyclable, plastic bottles; The Cube, an easy-to-store 24-pack; Big Slam, the wide-mouth one-liter bottle; as well as our three-liter bottle, designed to provide consumers with extra value (not all products and packaging is available in all markets). Our local bottlers, many of which are privately owned, franchise operations,  make all packaging decisions. Most of our bottlers are following the industry-wide trend to use plastic packaging due to environmental considerations. The industry is now making greater use of fully recyclable aluminum cans and PET plastic bottles. More information on Pepsi-Cola’s environmental commitment, including its packaging initiatives, can be found here. The â€Å"CUBE† is Pepsi’s new innovative 24-can multipack. It was dubbed the â€Å"CUBE† by consumer focus groups, which are a small test market population that’s invited by Pepsi-Cola to give the company feedback before the introduction of a new package or product. The consumer focus groups Pepsi used for this product coined the name the â€Å"CUBE† and it stuck! Polyethylene terephthalate, or â€Å"PET plastic,† is a form of polyester used to make strong, lightweight, shatter-resistant bottles for soft drinks, water, juice and other non-food products. Bottles made from PET plastic, which are marked with the number one code on the or near the bottle of the bottle, are recyclable into products including new containers, fiberfill for sleeping bags and coats, fabric, carpet, auto parts, film and more. 2.htm omega: The World of Omega is defined by high-profile watches on display in the most select show-windows in more than 130 countries around the globe. Fine timepieces worn by outstanding â€Å"ambassadors† like Cindy Crawford, Pierce Brosnan, Michael Schumacher and Martina Hingis†¦ Leaders in their fields who express the spirit of the brand through their faces, their words and their actions, reflecting all the elegance, sophistication and achievement behind every Omega watch. â€Å"Constellation† A star on the wrist of the stars. â€Å"The Constellation is consistent with my image†, says Omega spokesperson Cindy Crawford. â€Å"My Constellation has three qualities I admire: precision, elegance, reliability. And for someone who travels as often as I do, it’s an essential and beautiful fashion accessory†. In space, with the â€Å"Speedmaster Professional†, the only watch worn on the Moon and winner of NASA’s Snoopy Award for helping to save the Apollo 13 mission astronauts; Omega Cindy Crawford Model:1465.71 Gender/Size:Mini List price:$2,595.00 Stainless steel case(22.5mm) and bracelet, Mother-of-pearl dial with silver pyramid markers, diamond bezel with 30 diamonds totalling .42 karats in diamonds (G-H color, VVS clarity), diamonds in bezel set in 18kt white gold, Swiss quartz movement, water resistant to 30m. Comes in beautiful gift package. SHOW STOPPER! Coupons not valid on this model. Conclusion At the start of this review, I mentioned the fact that I have recently started to look more at the value for money end of the market, or if you will, lower priced end of the market. Having worn the Zeno for a few months I have to say that I suspect that there are some pleasant surprises for those who don’t want to spend a fortune on a watch but want something that is different, rugged, water resistant, reliable but mechanical. The Zeno confirms my theory that a good watch needn’t be expensive. It has been accurate, reliable, I have worn it everywhere and many people have asked me if it was new old stock from the 1960s! So, yes, I do recommend the Zeno but are there any downsides.? Not really given the price tag of this watch. It is personal preference as to whether one likes the looks or not. Personally it is different but classic to my eyes; I like the design. Not forgetting that Zeno make a large range of watches of the rugged variety, both mechanical and q uartz and they would all appear to offer good value for money. I might buy more!! Thanks for reading this; I hope you enjoyed it and please bear in mind that all the contents are just my opinion based on my experiences. My watch was obtained from a very affable and helpful UK Zeno dealer who’s site is worth visiting to see more examples of the range, web address below: Omega Watches Omega’s commitment to quality watch making spans 150 years and dates back to its beginnings in Switzerland as one of the first watch companies established there. Omega watches are fit for royalty and feature the highest quality components, precious metals, and technology within every watch that they manufacture. With celebrity  endorsements from Pierce Brosnan, Cindy Crawford, and Ernie Els, Omega has established itself as one of the most popular luxury watch brands around the world. The original symbol of perfection and quality, the Greek letter Omega, represents all that the Omega watch company strives to be. For over 150 years, the team at Omega watches has created timepieces of extreme perfection and are proud to participate in some of the world’s most historic and precisely timed moments. After all, if NASA and Formula 1 rely on Omega watches to keep track of their time, why shouldn’t you?

Just One Day by Gayle Forman Essay

Allyson Healey has lived her entire life in a neat little box mapped out by her parents. But during a European tour after high school graduation, she meets an actor named Willem. There’s instant attraction and Allyson is charmed. When Willem invites her to spend one day in Paris with him, she decides to be impulsive for once and agrees to accompany him instead of heading to London with her best friend. That day in Paris is magical and Allyson learns to take life as it comes, to pounce on the chances that come her way. But after a night of sex, she wakes up to find herself alone. Devastated, Allyson returns to London to meet up with her friend, and from there to the U.S. where she heads off to college in the fall. What follows is a year of self-discovery and picking up the pieces after Allyson’s first attempt at seizing the day results in disaster. Despite my best intentions to keep an open mind, I go into novels with expectations. If I Stay and Where She Went were so emotionally visceral and I suppose I expected more of that here. I didn’t really get it. Maybe it was the pacing. The summer stint in Europe took up more than a third of the novel. That doesn’t leave much room for self-discovery. In truth, what happens is that Allyson spends half of her freshman year in college in a deep depression. She attempts to return to the box outlined for her but finds she no longer fits because she’s discovered the world the exists beyond it. This dissonance affects all aspects of her life. Her once-perfect grades plummet. Her friendships stumble and fail. Of course, all that would have been fine within the context of a story if more weight had been given to the idea of self-discovery. Instead the shadow of Willem dominated everything. I just can’t get behind the portrayal of a one-night stand derailing someone’s life so badly. Yes, she was a teenager — an older one, true, but still a teenager. But even so, Allyson wasn’t a virgin. She’d had a boyfriend. Yes, she thought she’d fallen in love. But because of her age, I wasn’t convinced. This is my age speaking but we know this story. One-night stands where the girl thinks she has a deep connection with the guy but the guy acts like he barely even knows her the next morning? Such a common tale. I realize knowing it happens is different from having it actually happen to you but the entire thing left a bad taste in my mouth. Part of my feelings can be chalked up to the knowledge that Just One Day is the first half of a duology. The follow-up will be told from Willem’s point of view. I can already guess how it’ll go. He didn’t actually leave her alone the next morning. He had a reason! He’s not an asshole. If Allyson had only waited and had faith in their love, there’d been no reason for that year of moping. It was all just a misunderstanding. But if that’s the case, I would have liked for Allyson’s half of the tale to focus more on self-discovery and globe-trotting, the latter of which takes up less than 100 pages of the novel. In many ways, I think Just One Day is attempting to replicate the magic of If I Stay and Where She Went. If that’s the case, it fails. It didn’t have the same romantic and emotional impact. The themes of self-actualization and discovery despite — or in spite of — life-changing love don’t ring as strongly. If there’d been more focus on Allyson learning to enjoy life for herself and on her own terms instead of her life being affected by Willem on many levels, maybe I would have enjoyed it more. That, I feel, is the spark missing from this story. Theoretically, I like the idea of chance meetings altering the shape of your life. But what I dislike is that chance meeting becoming the source of all your sadness, joy, and motivation.

Enzymes Essays (567 words) - Metabolism, Enzymes, Catalysis

Enzymes Essays (567 words) - Metabolism, Enzymes, Catalysis Enzymes Competitive Inhibition competitive inhibition. Fake substrates competing with real substrates for the opportunity to bind at an active site (hence the name competitive) slows or stops enzyme function. Fake substrates look like real substrates to an enzyme's active site; they are, in essence, 'look-a-likes. Competitive inhibitors bind the active site of an enzyme, preventing a real substrate from binding and a product from being formed. Competitive Inhibition Competitive inhibition can be overcome by addition of substrate, which increases an enzyme's chance of finding real substrate. Competitive Inhibition EXAMPLES Sildenafil (Viagra) Nitric Oxide (NO) binds receptors in the smooth muscle cells of the penis. This results in increased levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) which increases vasodilation. An enzyme called PDE5 degrades cGMP. Sildenafil fits into the same active site of PDE5 as cGMP, thus competitively inhibiting PDE5 from working. Competitive Inhibition competitive inhibition. Fake substrates competing with real substrates for the opportunity to bind at an active site (hence the name competitive) slows or stops enzyme function. Fake substrates look like real substrates to an enzyme's active site; they are, in essence, 'look-a-likes. Competitive inhibitors bind the active site of an enzyme, preventing a real substrate from binding and a product from being formed. Competitive Inhibition Competitive inhibition can be overcome by addition of substrate, which increases an enzyme's chance of finding real substrate. Competitive Inhibition EXAMPLES Sildenafil (Viagra) Nitric Oxide (NO) binds receptors in the smooth muscle cells of the penis. This results in increased levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) which increases vasodilation. An enzyme called PDE5 degrades cGMP. Sildenafil fits into the same active site of PDE5 as cGMP, thus competitively inhibiting PDE5 from working. Competitive Inhibition EXAMPLES Cyanide Cyanide acts as competitive inhibitor to the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. This prevents the electron transport chain (the last part of cellular respiration) from working, meaning that the cell can no longer produce ATP for energy. Tissues that depend heavily on energy (the CNS and heart) are particularly affected. Non-competitive Inhibitor Non-competitive inhibitors dont attach to the active site of the enzyme but somewhere else on the enzyme. They alter the shape of the enzyme molecule in such a way that the active site changes its shape, making the active site no longer able to accommodate the substrate. Non-competitive Inhibitor EXAMPLES Strychnine Is a colorless highly toxic alkaloid that causes muscular convulsions and eventual death through asphyxia. Strychnine binds to glycine receptors preventing glycine (an inhibitory neurotransmitter) from binding. This causes motor neurons to continuously fire, and the victim has constant muscle contractions. Commonly used in the baits of animal traps, these have been replaced recently with chemicals less toxic to humans. There is no known antidote. Non-competitive Inhibitor EXAMPLES Penicillin Many antibiotics acts as allosteric inhibitors. Penicillin acts by binding to the bacterial enzyme DD-transpeptidase. The bacteria uses this enzyme to catalyze the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in its cell wall. Without this enzyme it can no longer make new cross-links, all the while continuing to make enzymes that hydrolyze (break-down) these links. This will cause holes in the cell wall to form and eventually force the bacteria to shed most if not all of its wall. Bibliography 1- Inhibitions. (2013, August 14). Retrieved November 26, 2015, from biologyforlife.com/uploads/2/2/3/9/22392738/inhibitors.pdf 2-Turtle, E. (2012, October 6). Biology-Innovation. Retrieved November 26, 2015, from biology-innovation.co.uk/pages/biochemistry/enzymes/

How to Improve Professional Writing in the Field of Political Science

How to Improve Professional Writing in the Field of Political Science How to Improve Professional Writing in the Field of Political Science In professional writing, one of the tough parts about developing your writing is understanding where you need to improve, and how you might work towards addressing your shortcomings. 1. Learn how to Read Critically Dont trust everything written in the newspapers or shown on TV. Political writers cannot afford it, they need to boost their skill of critical reading. Pay attention to nuances and compare what it is said about the issue by different stakeholders. Most political science writers follow the similar system in their writing: introduce an observation or a puzzle, which lead to them asking a question; investigate other researchers’ work to come up with an argument in response to the question asked; and use proof (qualitative or quantitative data) to test their argument. 2. Get Used to Credible Sources of Information Professional political writers care about their reputation, thus they don’t utilize information taken from sources with questionable credibility. When looking for sources, especially websites, think about whether they are reliable or not. What you want is your paper containing   sources from professional and unbiased experts, rather than from businessmen with commercial interests. 3. Deep Assessment and Critical Thinking When writing, analyzing the topic can encourage making a reasonable outline for your paper.   Make use of empirical evidence, numbers, facts, and history, to back up your argument. Sometimes, purely deductive argument may be appropriate, however, but a more persuasive argument is that backed by evidence. Argue against yourself. After establishing your argument, identify questions or objections that may be raised by a skeptical reader, and address them quickly. This demonstrates to the readers that you were thorough, careful, thoughtful, and paid due respect to alternate interpretations or possible objections. 4. Generate New Ideas One of the greatest challenges that political writers face is coming up with new ideas. It is a common problem called â€Å"writer’s block†. It surprises many new writers. Without too much effort, most people can think of a bunch of creative ideas about familiar topics. Most people who start to write articles begin with those simple topics, and the writing goes quickly. They naturally expect all their writing to be that easy. It won’t. Writer’s block is a common problem. Every writer gets to a point where they come up short on ideas. That is why the ability to generate new ideas is quite essential. 5. Humanize Your Writing Keep the writing in your voice. It’s really easy to take on the voice of the topic rather than your own when you’re out of your comfort zone. Strive to make it your own and what your readers are stylistically used to seeing from you. You may use a picture, video or an official statement to launch your argument. As daunting as it sounds, you don’t necessarily have to call a press officer to get information, dozens of press releases are posted on the website of almost every governmental agency each week. 6. Get Feedback along the Way The feedback or what we call â€Å"bouncing ideas† between friends, both positive and critical, help shape self-evaluation of analytical skills to work on honing and enhancing them. Ask a friend or two to take a look at your Political Science paper. Two heads are better than one. You can have a discussion about the gaps in the argument that needs addressing, or the transition sentences that may help the argument â€Å"flow† quite logically. Some of the most efficient feedbacks comes as early as brainstorming on your approach to the topic or when drafting your paper’s research question. You may have brilliant political ideas, but if you cannot get them across with sound arguments, your ideas won’t get you anywhere! Improve on them, and see how good you’ll get.

Case study Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Case study - Term Paper Example idemiologically, modifying hypotheses, if needed, comparing and reconciling with laboratory and/or environmental studies, implementing control and prevention measures, monitoring, and publishing or presenting findings In cases of gastrointestinal illness, such as the one given, there are a lot of differential diagnoses. Esophageal symptoms, although commonly due to gastroesophageal reflux disease and large idiopathic ulcers, can also be caused by Candida, Cytomegalovirus or Herpes simplex infection. Diarrhea, on the other hand, is usually by idiopathic/HIV enteropathy, or infection by Cytomegalovirus, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, and Giardia lamblia. Meanwhile, hepatic disorders are caused by drug toxicity, hepatitis A, B or C infection, syphilis, Mycobacterium avium, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cytomegalovirus, Bartonella henselae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biliary disorders can result from infection by Cryptosporidia, Mycobacterium avum, Microsporidia, and Cytomegalovirus, while pancreatitis can be due to drug toxicities or opportunistic infections (Marriot & Post, 2009). If an infection has occurred, the likely source of infection must be identified. modes of transmission: the possible ways, such as direct contact, inhalation, vehicle-borne, fecal-oral, and vector-borne, by which the pathogen is spread to one susceptible person to another. A vehicle is a mode of transmission using a non-living thing, in this case either water or food, which carried the bacteria, and led to its inoculation of susceptible individuals, while a vector is an organism, usually an insect such as mosquito, that carries the pathogen that causes the disease. Contact with a vector, like getting a mosquito bite, transmits the microorganism to an individual. If he or she is susceptible, development of disease ensues (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). To identify the most likely mode of transmission and the most plausible cause of the